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基本分区管理
磁盘划分思路
进入分区表#xff0c;新建分区更新分区表格式化分区表挂载使用
#lsblk
#df -h 查看设备挂载情况
#fdisk -l 设备分区情况
#fdisk /dev/sdb 添加一块硬盘#xff0c;需要将其分两个分区#xff0c;分别格式化成ext4和vfat格式文件系…磁盘管理
基本分区管理
磁盘划分思路
进入分区表新建分区更新分区表格式化分区表挂载使用
#lsblk
#df -h 查看设备挂载情况
#fdisk -l 设备分区情况
#fdisk /dev/sdb
添加一块硬盘需要将其分两个分区分别格式化成ext4和vfat格式文件系统使用最终需要使用2G空间
添加硬盘fdisk进行分区格式化指定分区创建空目录作为挂载点挂载使用
#添加硬盘
[rootworkstation ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part├─centos_servera-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /└─centos_servera-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 918M 0 rom
#fdisk分区[rootworkstation ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbCommand (m for help): p #打印分区表信息
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units sectors of 1 * 512 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x46d52402Device Boot Start End Blocks Id SystemCommand (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type:p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 #主分区编号
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): #默认
Using default value 2048
Last sector, sectors or size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): 1G #分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
#再次新建一个分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (2099200-41943039, default 2099200):
Using default value 2099200
Last sector, sectors or size{K,M,G} (2099200-41943039, default 41943039): 1G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set#打印信息
Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units sectors of 1 * 512 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x46d52402Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 83 Linux
#保存退出Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.#查看分区情况[rootworkstation ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part├─centos_servera-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /└─centos_servera-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 918M 0 rom
#刷新分区表信息
[rootworkstation ~]# partx -d /dev/sdb
[rootworkstation ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
[rootworkstation ~]# partx -s /dev/sdb
NR START END SECTORS SIZE NAME UUID1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G2 2099200 4196351 2097152 1G#格式化分区[rootworkstation ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
[rootworkstation ~]# yum install -y dosfstools[rootworkstation ~]# mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb2
mkfs.fat 3.0.20 (12 Jun 2013)
#创建新挂载点[rootworkstation ~]# mkdir /u01
[rootworkstation ~]# mkdir /u02
#挂载
[rootworkstation ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /u01
[rootworkstation ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /u02
挂载分区设备
手动挂载
设备重启后需要重新挂载手动卸载后需要手动挂载
#查看块设备信息
[rootworkstation ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID78d4daac-317c-497e-9eb7-5e782fcfded7 TYPEext4[rootworkstation /]# mount -o rw /dev/sdb1 /u01
[rootworkstation /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part├─centos_servera-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /└─centos_servera-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /u01
└─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 918M 0 rom
#卸载[rootworkstation /]# umount /u01
[rootworkstation /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part├─centos_servera-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /└─centos_servera-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 918M 0 rom
开机自动挂载
硬件初始化 硬盘内存…系统初始化 /sbin/init /etc/fstab系统重启后自动挂载
#系统自动挂载/dev/sdb1设备 2分钟没有被使用 自动卸载
yum -y install autofs[rootworkstation ~]# rpm -q autofs
autofs-5.0.7-116.el7_9.1.x86_64#修改配置文件
[rootworkstation ~]# vi /etc/auto.master
[rootworkstation ~]# vi /etc/auto.test
[rootworkstation ~]# cat /etc/auto.master | grep u01
/u01 /etc/auto.test -t 120
[rootworkstation ~]# cat /etc/auto.test | grep test
test -fstypeext4,ro :/dev/sdb1
#重启服务[rootworkstation ~]# service autofs restart
#测试验证[rootworkstation ~]# ls /u01/test
lostfound
[rootworkstation ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos_servera-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% /
devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 487M 7.7M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 133M 882M 14% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 976M 2.6M 907M 1% /u01/test
逻辑卷管理
简介
LVM对Linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制建立在物理存储设备之上的一个抽象层优点在于灵活管理。
在线扩容离线裁剪数据条带化数据镜像
名称定义物理设备保存LVM所存储的存储设备。物理卷PV物理卷时LVM所使用的基础物理存储。在LVM系统使用设备之前必须将设备初始化为物理卷。卷组VG由一或多个物理卷组成。功能上与磁盘相同一个PV分配一个VG一个VG包含多个PV逻辑卷LV根据卷组中空闲物理区块创建提供应用用户和操作系统所使用的“存储”设备。
物理设备命令创建物理卷PV卷组VG逻辑卷LV逻辑卷格式化挂载使用
创建逻辑卷
创建一个1.5G的逻辑卷
[rootworkstation ~]# lsblk | grep sdb
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb4 8:20 0 1K 0 part
└─sdb5 8:21 0 100M 0 part
#创建物理卷[rootworkstation ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2[rootworkstation ~]# pvsPV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/sda2 centos_servera lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0/dev/sdb1 lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g/dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
#将创建卷组并将物理卷加入其中[rootworkstation ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2Volume group vg01 successfully created[rootworkstation ~]# vgs vg01VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFreevg01 2 0 0 wz--n- 1.99g 1.99g
[rootworkstation ~]# vgdisplay vg01--- Volume group ---VG Name vg01System IDFormat lvm2Metadata Areas 2Metadata Sequence No 1VG Access read/writeVG Status resizableMAX LV 0Cur LV 0Open LV 0Max PV 0Cur PV 2Act PV 2VG Size 1.99 GiBPE Size 4.00 MiBTotal PE 510Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0Free PE / Size 510 / 1.99 GiBVG UUID ABTzbY-lO5x-4HA2-9ZtE-hFht-Y3Ng-fgNIYN
#创建逻辑卷
[rootworkstation ~]# lvcreate -n lv01 -L 1.5G vg01Logical volume lv01 created.#被映射到两个地方
[rootworkstation ~]# ll /dev/mapper/vg01-lv01
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Aug 3 05:11 /dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 - ../dm-2
[rootworkstation ~]# ll /dev/vg01/lv01
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Aug 3 05:11 /dev/vg01/lv01 - ../dm-2[rootworkstation ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vg01/lv01--- Logical volume ---LV Path /dev/vg01/lv01LV Name lv01VG Name vg01LV UUID j2lsmi-SYjW-Qpn0-btqf-1fBF-tkQf-4eH5fcLV Write Access read/writeLV Creation host, time workstation, 2023-08-03 05:11:18 -0400LV Status available# open 0LV Size 1.50 GiBCurrent LE 384Segments 2Allocation inheritRead ahead sectors auto- currently set to 8192Block device 253:2#创建大小为100M的逻辑卷每个PE为4M,指定25个PE大小为100M
[rootworkstation ~]# lvcreate -n lv02 -l25 vg01Logical volume lv02 created.
[rootworkstation ~]# vgs vg01VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFreevg01 2 2 0 wz--n- 1.99g 404.00m
[rootworkstation ~]# lvs /dev/vg01/lv02LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convertlv02 vg01 -wi-a----- 100.00m#格式化逻辑卷[rootworkstation ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg01/lv01
#挂载
[rootworkstation ~]# mkdir /mnt01
[rootworkstation ~]# mount /dev/vg01/lv01 /mnt01[rootworkstation ~]# lsblk | grep lv├─centos_servera-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /└─centos_servera-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
│ └─vg01-lv01 253:2 0 1.5G 0 lvm /mnt01
│ ├─vg01-lv01 253:2 0 1.5G 0 lvm /mnt01
│ └─vg01-lv02 253:3 0 100M 0 lvm
逻辑卷动态扩容
将/mnt01目录动态扩容到2.2G
查看/mnt01目录对应的逻辑卷是哪个查看当前逻辑卷的卷组剩余空间是否足够如果卷组空间不够先扩容卷组再扩容逻辑卷如果卷组空间足够直接扩容逻辑卷
#查看/mnt01属于哪个卷组
[rootworkstation ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos_servera-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% /
devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 487M 7.7M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 133M 882M 14% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 1.5G 4.5M 1.4G 1% /mnt01[rootworkstation ~]# lvsLV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convertroot centos_servera -wi-ao---- 17.00g swap centos_servera -wi-ao---- 2.00g lv01 vg01 -wi-ao---- 1.50g lv02 vg01 -wi-a----- 100.00m #查看卷组剩余空间[rootworkstation ~]# vgsVG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFreecentos_servera 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.00g 0vg01 2 2 0 wz--n- 1.99g 404.00m#当前卷组空间不足
#扩容逻辑卷所在卷组
#首先得有物理设备
[rootworkstation ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb3Physical volume /dev/sdb3 successfully created.
[rootworkstation ~]# pvsPV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/sda2 centos_servera lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0/dev/sdb1 vg01 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 0/dev/sdb2 vg01 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 404.00m/dev/sdb3 lvm2 --- 1.00g 1.00g
[rootworkstation ~]# vgextend vg01 /dev/sdb3Volume group vg01 successfully extended
[rootworkstation ~]# pvsPV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/sda2 centos_servera lvm2 a-- 19.00g 0/dev/sdb1 vg01 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 0/dev/sdb2 vg01 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 404.00m/dev/sdb3 vg01 lvm2 a-- 1020.00m 1020.00m#扩容逻辑卷
[rootworkstation ~]# lvextend -L 2.2G /dev/vg01/lv01Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 2.20 GiB.Size of logical volume vg01/lv01 changed from 2.00 GiB (512 extents) to 2.20 GiB (564 extents).Logical volume vg01/lv01 successfully resized.
[rootworkstation ~]# lvsLV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convertroot centos_servera -wi-ao---- 17.00g swap centos_servera -wi-ao---- 2.00g lv01 vg01 -wi-ao---- 2.20g lv02 vg01 -wi-a----- 100.00m [rootworkstation ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos_servera-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% /
devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 487M 7.7M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 133M 882M 14% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 1.5G 4.5M 1.4G 1% /mnt01
#同步文件系统
[rootworkstation ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg01/lv01
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/vg01/lv01 is mounted on /mnt01; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks 1, new_desc_blocks 1
The filesystem on /dev/vg01/lv01 is now 577536 blocks long.[rootworkstation ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos_servera-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% /
devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 487M 7.7M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 133M 882M 14% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 2.2G 4.5M 2.1G 1% /mnt01
扩容Swap空间
增加一个硬盘或分区来扩容swap空间
#查看swap空间
[rootworkstation ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 972 129 705 7 137 683
Swap: 2047 0 2047
[rootworkstation ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -2
[rootworkstation ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1
mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: wiping old ext4 signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size 2097148 KiB
no label, UUIDcf7f9c58-7078-43fa-9a7e-a2c628cf57a2
[rootworkstation ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUIDcf7f9c58-7078-43fa-9a7e-a2c628cf57a2 TYPEswap
#激活swap分区 swap分区不能手动挂载
[rootworkstation ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1
[rootworkstation ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 2097148 0 -3
逻辑卷实现条带化
条带化把保存到逻辑卷的数据分成N份分别写到不同的物理卷可以提高数据的读写效率但如果任何一个涉及到的物理卷出现问题数据就会无法恢复。 [rootworkstation ~]# lsblk | grep sdc
sdc 8:32 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 2G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part
#创建物理卷
[rootworkstation ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc[12]Physical volume /dev/sdc1 successfully created.Physical volume /dev/sdc2 successfully created.#创建卷组
[rootworkstation ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdc[12]Volume group vg01 successfully created
[rootworkstation ~]# pvs /dev/sdc[12]PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/sdc1 vg01 lvm2 a-- 2.00g 2.00g/dev/sdc2 vg01 lvm2 a-- 2.00g 2.00g#实现条带化逻辑卷[rootworkstation ~]# lvcreate -n lv01 -L 1G vg01 -i 2 /dev/sdc[12]Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB.Logical volume lv01 created.
[rootworkstation ~]# lvs /dev/vg01/lv01LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convertlv01 vg01 -wi-a----- 1.00g
[rootworkstation ~]# pvs /dev/sdc[12]PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree/dev/sdc1 vg01 lvm2 a-- 2.00g 1.50g/dev/sdc2 vg01 lvm2 a-- 2.00g 1.50g[rootworkstation ~]# mkdir /my-mnt
[rootworkstation ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg01/lv01
[rootworkstation ~]# mount /dev/vg01/lv01 /my-mnt
