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使用DirectInput进行交互#xff08;1#xff09; DirectX 2008-08-10 15:11:34 阅读169 评论0 字号#xff1a;大 中 小 订阅 输入设备简介 计算机通常使用三种输入设备#xff1a;键盘、鼠标和游…参考链接 input()函数中的漏洞– Python2.x
使用DirectInput进行交互1 DirectX 2008-08-10 15:11:34 阅读169 评论0 字号大 中 小 订阅 输入设备简介 计算机通常使用三种输入设备键盘、鼠标和游戏杆。三种输入设备都是其他设备所无法替代的同时每种设备都各有优缺点。键盘适用于输入但无法取代 鼠标而且和游戏杆相比键盘也不如游戏杆那么灵巧。鼠标适用于定位和移动但是和游戏杆相比又缺少控制上的简易性。至于游戏杆它适用于简单的移动 ----向上、向下、向左和向右移动除此之外几乎无任何用途。 通过键盘进行交互 基本上键盘是按照一定逻辑格式排列的按键矩阵。除开一些微小差别之外大多数键盘都有一种标准布局。键盘上的每个键实际上都是一个开关当按下或 者释放一个键的时候就触发了这个开关。按下或者释放一个键就向键盘的微处理器发送了一个信号这样就在计算机系统上产生了一个中段 interrupt。系统从键盘的微处理器接收数据从而确定按下或者释放了哪个键接收的数据被称为扫描码scan code。 中断是各种各样的信号它通知系统一个设备或程序需要立即进行处理使用中断确保了系统知道设备的状态已经发生了改变。扫描码是一些值它们确定了 键盘上的哪个键被按下或释放了。这些扫描码都是一个字节操作系统可以使用很多方法来表示扫描码字节的一部分表示包含了哪个按键一个位表示键是否被 按下或释放。扫描码只能识别单个按键无法区分大写和小写字母。因此大写字母A和小写字母a拥有相同的扫描码通过跟踪是否按住了Shift键操作系 统自动检测和区分大小写字母。 如下图所示这是一个典型的101-102键盘键盘的局部放大图显示了一些带有相应扫描码的键扫描码是位编码数字。 注意扫描码是按照键盘上的顺序进行排列的每行中位于右边的键通常是更高的扫描码。扫描码的最低7位位0--6表示了键值被按下或者释放的那 个键同时扫描码的最高位位7表示此键是否被按下该位被设置或者释放该位被清除。字节最高能够表示的数字是255且最高位保留这样就给 出了128个键的空间。 在windows中处理键盘 windows能够处理检索键盘输入的一般性任务为了使工作变得更加容易windows将从键盘接收到的扫描码转化成虚拟键码以及ASCII码的标准码。windows采用许多方法将这些值报告给程序员不过通常使用消息过程函数。 虚拟键码是windows版本的扫描码举例来说字母A的扫描码为30但是虚拟键码不使用这个值而是使用虚拟键码宏VK_A来表示字母A不管使用什么样的键盘以及键盘报告的扫描码VK_A总是表示字母A。 ASCII美国信息交换标准码American Standard Code for Information Interchange是一个标准它规定了哪个值被映射到哪个字符。使用ASCII能够为多达128个不同字符映射值这些字符包括数字、字母表、一 般符号以及控制码。 windows实际使用的是扩展ASCII码以及unicode字符或宽字节字符。扩展ASCII码在规则ASCII上添加了信息的额外位因 此将字母的最大数目提升到了256。这样做也带来了不利的方面----扩展字符可以是任何东西因为没有实质标准来约束这些字符。当然因为有些其他语言 需要更多的字符因此Unicode就应运而生它将字符的最大数目扩展到了16位足够存储65536个字符。 使用DirectInput DirectInput是一些COM对象的集合和所有DirectX组件相同这些COM对象描绘了输入系统和各个输入设备。最主要的对象是DirectInput8它用于初始化系统以及创建输入设备接口。 DirectInput COM对象 IDirectInput8主要的DirectInput8 COM接口其他所有接口都通过这个接口进行查询。 DirectInputDevice8用于输入设备的COM接口每个设备都有自己单独的接口可供使用。 DirectInputEffect用于力反馈效果的 COM接口比如某些游戏杆和某些鼠标上的力反馈效果。 各 种输入设备比如键盘、鼠标和游戏杆都使用相同的接口对象IDirectInputDevice8。某些设备比如游戏杆和鼠标能够通过查询各自的 IDirectInputDevice8对象以得到另外一个接口IDirectInputEffect这个接口用于控制设备的力反馈效果。 IDirectInput8、IDirectInputDevice8、IDirectInputEffect接口之间的关系如下图所示 IDirectInput8组件对象包含了很多用于初始化输入系统以及获得设备接口的函数在这些函数中常用的只有两个它们是 IDirectInput8::EnumDevices和IDirectInput8::CreateDevice。 初始化DirectInput 要使用DirectInput需要确保包含了DInput.h和在工程中链接了DInput8.lib一个IDirectInput8对象就代表了主要DirectInput对象。 DirectInput提供了帮助函数 DirectInput8Create 用于初始化IDirectInput8接口。 Creates a DirectInput object and returns an IDirectInput8 Interface or later interface. HRESULT DirectInput8Create
( HINSTANCE hinst
, DWORD dwVersion
, REFIID riidltf
, LPVOID * ppvOut
, LPUNKNOWN punkOuter ); Parameters hinst Instance handle to the application or dynamic-link library (DLL) that is creating the DirectInput object. DirectInput uses this value to determine whether the application or DLL has been certified and to establish any special behaviors that might be necessary for backward compatibility. It is an error for a DLL to pass the handle to the parent application. For example, an Microsoft ActiveX control embedded in a Web page that uses DirectInput must pass its own instance handle, and not the handle to the browser. This ensures that DirectInput recognizes the control and can enable any special behaviors that might be necessary. dwVersion Version number of DirectInput for which the application is designed. This value is normally DIRECTINPUT_VERSION. If the application defines DIRECTINPUT_VERSION before including Dinput.h, the value must be greater than 0x0800. For earlier versions, use DirectInputCreateEx, which is in Dinput.lib. riidltf Unique identifier of the desired interface. This value is IID_IDirectInput8A or IID_IDirectInput8W. Passing the IID_IDirectInput8 define selects the ANSI or Unicode version of the interface, depending on whether UNICODE is defined during compilation. ppvOut Address of a pointer to a variable to receive the interface pointer if the call succeeds. punkOuter Pointer to the address of the controlling objects IUnknown interface for COM aggregation, or NULL if the interface is not aggregated. Most calling applications pass NULL. If aggregation is requested, the object returned in ppvOut is a pointer to IUnknown, as required by COM aggregation. Return Values If the function succeeds, the return value is DI_OK. If the function fails, the return value can be one of the following error values: DIERR_BETADIRECTINPUTVERSION, DIERR_INVALIDPARAM, DIERR_OLDDIRECTINPUTVERSION, DIERR_OUTOFMEMORY. Remarks The DirectInput object created by this function is implemented in Dinput8.dll. Versions of interfaces earlier than DirectX 8.0 cannot be obtained in this implementation. To create a DirectX 8.x interface with the latest DirectX SDK without using CoCreateInstance: Set #define DIRECTINPUT_VERSION 0x0800 before the include statement for Dinput8.h. Call DirectInput8Create instead of DirectInputCreateEx. Link to the Dinput8.lib library instead of Dinput.lib. To create a DirectX 8.x interface with the DirectX 8.x SDK without using CoCreateInstance: Call DirectInput8Create instead of DirectInputCreateEx. Link to the Dinput8.lib library instead of Dinput.lib. To create a DirectX 7.0 interface from the DirectX 8.x or latest DirectX SDK without using CoCreateInstance: Set #define DIRECTINPUT_VERSION 0x0700 before the include statement for dinput.h. Call DirectInputCreateEx instead of DirectInput8Create . Link to the Dinput.lib library instead of Dinput8.lib. To create a DirectX 7.0 interface from the DirectX 8.x or latest DirectX SDK using CoCreateInstance: Call CoInitializeEx. Call CoCreateInstance using CLISID_DirectInput. Use IDirectInput7::Initialize to initialize the DirectInput object. To create a DirectX 8.x or DirectX 9.0 interface from the DirectX 8.x or latest DirectX SDK using CoCreateInstance: Call CoInitializeEx. Call CoCreateInstance using CLISID_DirectInput8. Use IDirectInput8::Initialize to initialize the DirectInput object. Calling the function with pUnkOuter NULL is equivalent to creating the object through CoCreateInstance( CLSID_DirectInput8, punkOuter, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_IDirectInput8W, lplpDirectInput), then initializing it with IDirectInput8::Initialize . Calling the function with pUnkOuter ! NULL is equivalent to creating the object through CoCreateInstance( CLSID_DirectInput8, punkOuter, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_IUnknown, lplpDirectInput). The aggregated object must be initialized manually. 使用DirectInput设备的步骤 1、获取设备GUID调用IDirectInput8::EnumDevice来实现。 2、创建设备COM对象调用IDirectInput8::CreateDevice来实现。 3、设置数据格式调用IDirectInputDevice8::SetDataFormat来实现。 4、设置协作级别调用IDirectInputDevice8::SetCooperativeLevel来实现。 5、设置任何特殊属性调用IDirectInputDevice8::SetProperty来实现。 6、获得设备调用IDirectInputDevice8::Acquire来实现。 7、轮询设备调用IDirectInputDevice8::Poll来实现。 8、读取数据调用IDirectInputDevice8::GetDeviceState来实现。 在进行这些步骤前要确保声明了一个IDirectInput设备对象即IDirectInputDevice8对象。 获取设备GUID 每 个安装的设备都有一个系统分配的全局惟一标识符global unique identification, GUID数字。要使用一个设备首先必须知道它的GUID。对于连接到系统上的鼠标和键盘得到他们的GUID非常容易DirectInput分别为 鼠标和键盘的GUID定义成GUID_SysKeyboard和GUID_SysMouse。要使用GUID_SysKeyboard或 GUID_SysMouse必须在所有其他的预处理程序指令前定义INITGUID或者将DXGuid.lib库链接到项目中。至于其他设备必须枚 举出这些设备才能得到需要的那些设备的GUID。枚举就是遍历一个含有数据项的列表的过程数据项就是诸如游戏杆之类的输入设备。假设有5个游戏杆连接 到了系统上那么在枚举的过程中DirectInput就会传递各个游戏杆的相关信息而且每次只传递一个游戏杆的信息直到所有的游戏杆都已经被列出 来或者列举被强行终止。 用于枚举设备的函数是IDirectInput8::EnumDevice。 Enumerates available devices. HRESULT EnumDevices( DWORD dwDevType
, LPDIENUMDEVICESCALLBACK lpCallback
, LPVOID pvRef
, DWORD dwFlags ); Parameters dwDevType Device type filter. To restrict the enumeration to a particular type of device, set this parameter to a DI8DEVTYPE_* value. See DIDEVICEINSTANCE. To enumerate a class of devices, use one of the following values. DI8DEVCLASS_ALL All devices. DI8DEVCLASS_DEVICE All devices that do not fall into another class. DI8DEVCLASS_GAMECTRL All game controllers. DI8DEVCLASS_KEYBOARD All keyboards. Equivalent to DI8DEVTYPE_KEYBOARD. DI8DEVCLASS_POINTER All devices of type DI8DEVTYPE_MOUSE and DI8DEVTYPE_SCREENPOINTER. lpCallback Address of a callback function to be called once for each device enumerated. See DIEnumDevicesCallback. pvRef Application-defined 32-bit value to be passed to the enumeration callback each time it is called. dwFlags Flag value that specifies the scope of the enumeration. This parameter can be one or more of the following values: DIEDFL_ALLDEVICES All installed devices are enumerated. This is the default behavior. DIEDFL_ATTACHEDONLY Only attached and installed devices. DIEDFL_FORCEFEEDBACK Only devices that support force feedback. DIEDFL_INCLUDEALIASES Include devices that are aliases for other devices. DIEDFL_INCLUDEHIDDEN Include hidden devices. For more information about hidden devices, see DIDEVCAPS. DIEDFL_INCLUDEPHANTOMS Include phantom (placeholder) devices. Return Values If the method succeeds, the return value is DI_OK. If the method fails, the return value can be one of the following error values: DIERR_INVALIDPARAM, DIERR_NOTINITIALIZED. Remarks All installed devices can be enumerated, even if they are not present. For example, a flight stick might be installed on the system but not currently plugged into the computer. Set the dwFlags parameter to indicate whether only attached or all installed devices should be enumerated. If the DIEDFL_ATTACHEDONLY flag is not present, all installed devices are enumerated. A preferred device type can be passed as a dwDevType filter so that only the devices of that type are enumerated. On Microsoft Windows XP, DirectInput enumerates only one mouse and one keyboard device, referred to as the system mouse and the system keyboard. These devices represent the combined output of all mice and keyboards respectively on a system. For information about how to read from multiple mice or keyboards individually on Windows XP, see the WM_INPUT documentation. Note The order in which devices are enumerated by DirectInput is not guaranteed. lpCallback是一个指向枚举函数的指针在系统上每找到一个匹配的设备时就会调用该函数。 Application-defined callback function that receives DirectInput devices as a result of a call to the IDirectInput8::EnumDevices method. BOOL DIEnumDevicesCallback( LPCDIDEVICEINSTANCE lpddi
, LPVOID pvRef ); Parameters lpddi Address of a DIDEVICEINSTANCE structure that describes the device instance. pvRef The application-defined value passed to IDirectInput8::EnumDevices or IDirectInput8::EnumDevicesBySemantics as the pvRef parameter. Return Values Returns DIENUM_CONTINUE to continue the enumeration or DIENUM_STOP to stop the enumeration. Remarks If a single hardware device can function as more than one DirectInput device type, it is enumerated as each device type that it supports. For example, a keyboard with a built-in mouse is enumerated twice: once as a keyboard and once as a mouse. The product globally unique identifier (GUID) is the same for each device, however. lpddi是一个指向DIDEVICEINSTANCE结构体的指针此结构体包含了此次调用时当前枚举设备上的信息。 Describes an instance of a DirectInput device. This structure is used with the IDirectInput8::EnumDevices, IDirectInput8::EnumDevicesBySemantics, and IDirectInputDevice8::GetDeviceInfo methods. typedef struct DIDEVICEINSTANCE { DWORD dwSize; GUID guidInstance; GUID guidProduct; DWORD dwDevType; TCHAR tszInstanceName[MAX_PATH]; TCHAR tszProductName[MAX_PATH]; GUID guidFFDriver; WORD wUsagePage; WORD wUsage;
} DIDEVICEINSTANCE, *LPDIDEVICEINSTANCE; Members dwSize Size of this structure, in bytes. This member must be initialized before the structure is used. guidInstance Unique identifier for the instance of the device. An application can save the instance globally unique identifier (GUID) into a configuration file and use it at a later time. Instance GUIDs are specific to a particular computer. An instance GUID obtained from one computer is unrelated to instance GUIDs on another. guidProduct Unique identifier for the product. This identifier is established by the manufacturer of the device. dwDevType Device type specifier. The least-significant byte of the device type description code specifies the device type. The next-significant byte specifies the device subtype. This value can also be combined with DIDEVTYPE_HID, which specifies a Human Interface Device (human interface device). tszInstanceName Friendly name for the instance. For example, Joystick 1. tszProductName Friendly name for the product. guidFFDriver Unique identifier for the driver being used for force feedback. The drivers manufacturer establishes this identifier. wUsagePage If the device is a Human Interface Device (HID), this member contains the HID usage page code. wUsage If the device is a Human Interface Device (HID), this member contains the HID usage code. Remarks The following device types and subtypes are defined for use in the dwDevType member. DI8DEVTYPE_1STPERSON First-person action game device. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPE1STPERSON_LIMITED Device that does not provide the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPE1STPERSON_SHOOTER Device designed for first-person shooter games. DI8DEVTYPE1STPERSON_SIXDOF Device with six degrees of freedom; that is, three lateral axes and three rotational axes. DI8DEVTYPE1STPERSON_UNKNOWN Unknown subtype. DI8DEVTYPE_DEVICE Device that does not fall into another category. DI8DEVTYPE_DEVICECTRL Input device used to control another type of device from within the context of the application. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEDEVICECTRL_COMMSSELECTION Control used to make communications selections. DI8DEVTYPEDEVICECTRL_COMMSSELECTION_HARDWIRED Device that must use its default configuration and cannot be remapped. DI8DEVTYPEDEVICECTRL_UNKNOWN Unknown subtype. DI8DEVTYPE_DRIVING Device for steering. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEDRIVING_COMBINEDPEDALS Steering device that reports acceleration and brake pedal values from a single axis. DI8DEVTYPEDRIVING_DUALPEDALS Steering device that reports acceleration and brake pedal values from separate axes. DI8DEVTYPEDRIVING_HANDHELD Hand-held steering device. DI8DEVTYPEDRIVING_LIMITED Steering device that does not provide the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPEDRIVING_THREEPEDALS Steering device that reports acceleration, brake, and clutch pedal values from separate axes. DI8DEVTYPE_FLIGHT Controller for flight simulation. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEFLIGHT_LIMITED Flight controller that does not provide the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPEFLIGHT_RC Flight device based on a remote control for model aircraft. DI8DEVTYPEFLIGHT_STICK Joystick. DI8DEVTYPEFLIGHT_YOKE Yoke. DI8DEVTYPE_GAMEPAD Gamepad. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEGAMEPAD_LIMITED Gamepad that does not provide the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPEGAMEPAD_STANDARD Standard gamepad that provides the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPEGAMEPAD_TILT Gamepad that can report x-axis and y-axis data based on the attitude of the controller. DI8DEVTYPE_JOYSTICK Joystick. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEJOYSTICK_LIMITED Joystick that does not provide the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPEJOYSTICK_STANDARD Standard joystick that provides the minimum number of device objects for action mapping. DI8DEVTYPE_KEYBOARD Keyboard or keyboard-like device. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_UNKNOWN Subtype could not be determined. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_PCXT IBM PC/XT 83-key keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_OLIVETTI Olivetti 102-key keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_PCAT IBM PC/AT 84-key keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_PCENH IBM PC Enhanced 101/102-key or Microsoft Natural keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_NOKIA1050 Nokia 1050 keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_NOKIA9140 Nokia 9140 keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_NEC98 Japanese NEC PC98 keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_NEC98LAPTOP Japanese NEC PC98 laptop keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_NEC98106 Japanese NEC PC98 106-key keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_JAPAN106 Japanese 106-key keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_JAPANAX Japanese AX keyboard. DI8DEVTYPEKEYBOARD_J3100 Japanese J3100 keyboard. DI8DEVTYPE_MOUSE A mouse or mouse-like device (such as a trackball). The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_ABSOLUTE Mouse that returns absolute axis data. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_FINGERSTICK Fingerstick. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_TOUCHPAD Touchpad. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_TRACKBALL Trackball. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_TRADITIONAL Traditional mouse. DI8DEVTYPEMOUSE_UNKNOWN Subtype could not be determined. DI8DEVTYPE_REMOTE Remote-control device. The following subtype is defined. DI8DEVTYPEREMOTE_UNKNOWN Subtype could not be determined. DI8DEVTYPE_SCREENPOINTER Screen pointer. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPESCREENPTR_UNKNOWN Unknown subtype. DI8DEVTYPESCREENPTR_LIGHTGUN Light gun. DI8DEVTYPESCREENPTR_LIGHTPEN Light pen. DI8DEVTYPESCREENPTR_TOUCH Touch screen. DI8DEVTYPE_SUPPLEMENTAL Specialized device with functionality unsuitable for the main control of an application, such as pedals used with a wheel. The following subtypes are defined. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_2NDHANDCONTROLLER Secondary handheld controller. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_COMBINEDPEDALS Device whose primary function is to report acceleration and brake pedal values from a single axis. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_DUALPEDALS Device whose primary function is to report acceleration and brake pedal values from separate axes. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_HANDTRACKER Device that tracks hand movement. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_HEADTRACKER Device that tracks head movement. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_RUDDERPEDALS Device with rudder pedals. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_SHIFTER Device that reports gear selection from an axis. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_SHIFTSTICKGATE Device that reports gear selection from button states. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_SPLITTHROTTLE Device whose primary function is to report at least two throttle values. It may have other controls. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_THREEPEDALS Device whose primary function is to report acceleration, brake, and clutch pedal values from separate axes. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_THROTTLE Device whose primary function is to report a single throttle value. It may have other controls. DI8DEVTYPESUPPLEMENTAL_UNKNOWN Unknown subtype. Versions of DirectInput earlier than DirectX 8.0 have a somewhat different scheme of device types and subtypes. See the DIDEVTYPExxx defines in Dinput.h. 创建设备COM对象 有了设备GUID就能创建实际的IDirectInputDevice8 COM对象了用于创建此COM对象的函数是IDirectInput8::CreateDevice。 Creates and initializes an instance of a device based on a given globally unique identifier (GUID), and obtains an IDirectInputDevice8 Interface interface. HRESULT CreateDevice( REFGUID rguid
, LPDIRECTINPUTDEVICE * lplpDirectInputDevice
, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter ); Parameters rguid Reference to the GUID for the desired input device (see Remarks). The GUID is retrieved through the IDirectInput8::EnumDevices method, or it can be one of the predefined GUIDs listed below. For the following GUID values to be valid, your application must define INITGUID before all other preprocessor directives at the beginning of the source file, or link to Dxguid.lib. GUID_SysKeyboard The default system keyboard. GUID_SysMouse The default system mouse. lplpDirectInputDevice Address of a variable to receive the IDirectInputDevice8 Interface interface pointer if successful. pUnkOuter Address of the controlling objects IUnknown interface for COM aggregation, or NULL if the interface is not aggregated. Most calling applications pass NULL. Return Values If the method succeeds, the return value is DI_OK. If the method fails, the return value can be one of the following: DIERR_DEVICENOTREG, DIERR_INVALIDPARAM, DIERR_NOINTERFACE, DIERR_NOTINITIALIZED, DIERR_OUTOFMEMORY. Remarks Calling this method with pUnkOuter NULL is equivalent to creating the object by CoCreateInstance (CLSID_DirectInputDevice, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, riid, lplpDirectInputDevice) and then initializing it with Initialize. Calling this method with pUnkOuter ! NULL is equivalent to creating the object by CoCreateInstance (CLSID_DirectInputDevice, punkOuter, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_IUnknown, lplpDirectInputDevice). The aggregated object must be initialized manually.
